HISTORIA I АIAT nr 4/2015 Czasopismo naukowe Instytutu Historii ТΝSЭШЬЮЧФяаΝεТ НгвЧКЫШНШавМС Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczo-Humanistycznego w Siedlcach Siedlce 2015 Institute of History and International Relations, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities. ЮХέΝ вЭЧТКΝγλ,Νίκ-110 Siedlce, Poland The Scientific Council: JКЫШЬłКаΝ ωχψχJΝ (ωСКТЫЦКЧ),Ν ύКЛЫТОХКΝ ψźδτVχΝ (σОШПТЭΝ RТХЬФТΝ SШЮЭС-West University, Bulgaria), Oleh DUCH (Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, UФЫКТЧО),ΝАКЬвХΝόUTχŁχΝ(ŹЫШСШЛвМСΝSЭКЭОΝPОНКРШРТМКХΝUЧТЯОЫЬТЭвΝШПΝЧКЦОΝIЯКЧΝ Franko, Ukraine), Michael Richard JACKSON BONNER (Toronto, Canada), ks. Roman KRAWCZYK, Jerzy LINDERSKI (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA), Henryk LULEWICZ (Institute of History, Polish Academy of Sciences),ΝАКХОЧЭвЧКΝŁτ Ν(σКЭТШЧКХΝδТЛЫКЫвΝШПΝUФЫКТЧО,ΝKТОЯ,ΝUФЫКТЧО),ΝKКЭКЫгвЧКΝ εχKSВεIUK,Ν RШЛОЫЭΝ PI TźK,Ν JягОПΝ PIŁχTτАIωГ,Ν εКЫОФΝ PδźАωГВ SKI,Ν АłКНвЬłКаΝ STRUTВ SKIΝ (ωСОЫЧТЯЭЬТΝ σКЭТШЧКХΝ UЧТЯОЫЬТЭв,Ν UФЫКТЧО),Ν АКХОЧЭвЧК TUύU źKτАχΝ(KСКФКЬЬТКΝIЧЬЭТЭЮЭОΝШПΝώТЬЭШЫв,ΝSвЛОЫТКЧΝψЫКЧМСΝШПΝЭСОΝRЮЬЬТКЧΝ Academy of Sciences, Abakan, Russia), Marek WAGNER, Wojciech АŁτŹχRKIźАIωГΝ Editorial Board: Katarzyna Maksymiuk (Editor in Chief), Adam Lech Kubik (Editorial Assistant), Dorota Wereda (Subject Editor), Marcin Malik (Statistics Editor), Tomasz ωСШНШаТОМ,ΝIаШЧКΝωгв КФ,ΝSОЫРТЮЬгΝδОШ МгвФ,ΝRКПКłΝRШРЮЬФТ Web page: http://www.ihism.uph.edu.pl/historia-i-swiat Publisher: Pracownia Wydawnicza UPH w Siedlcach Uniwersytet PrzyrodniczoHumanistyczny w Siedlcach ©Ν ωШpвЫТРСЭΝ ЛвΝ Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Siedlce 2015 ISSN 2299-2464 Typesetting and text makeup: Adam Lech Kubik atakan-al-vefa@wp.pl Ed. I Size B-5 Cover: Psalter H1665, fragment of folio 212v, National Centre of Manuscripts (M. Tsurtsumia, Georgia), cover design: Adam Lech Kubik PЫТЧЭμΝTШЭОЦΝIЧШаЫШМłКа Acknowledgments We would like here to convey our sincere thanks to Dr Michael Richard JACKSON BONNER (http://www.mrjb.ca/) for his patience and invaluable guidance which helped us give this book its final shape. TABLE OF CONTENS ARTICLES Ahmad SARKHOSH (Tarbiat Modares University, Iran), Samer NAZARI (Esfahan University of Art, Iran), Marzieh SHA'RBAF (Esfahan University of Art, Iran) Introduction to Newly Discovered Petroglyphs with Animal Motifs During an Archaeological Survey in Southern Regions of Fars (the Beyram Plain).........................15-30 Andrei NEGIN (Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Russia) Roman helmets with a browband shaped as a vertical fronton.........................................31-46 Ehsan SHAVAREBI (University of Tehran, Iran) RШЦКЧΝ‘SШХНКЭОЧФКТЬОЫ’ΝШЧΝЭСОΝTЫТЮЦpСКХΝRШМФΝRОХТОПЬ ШПΝSС pūЫΝIΝχΝRОКЬЬОЬЬЦОЧЭέέέζι-63 Vladimir DMITRIEV (Pskov State University, Russia) TСОΝ“σТРСЭΝψКЭЭХО”ΝШПΝSТЧРКЫКμΝАСШЬОΝVТМЭШЫвςέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέ..............................65-70 IlkkК SYVиNNź (Universitв of Tampere, Finland) TСОΝRОТРЧΝШПΝψКСЫ Ц V ύōЫμΝ The Revitalization of the Empire through Mounted Archery.........................................71-102 Michael Richard JACKSON BONNER (Canada) SТбΝPЫШЛХОЦЬΝШПΝТЧЭОЫpЫОЭКЭТШЧΝТЧΝЭСОΝЫОТРЧЬΝШПΝPēЫōг,ΝψКХ š,ΝJ Ц ЬpΝКЧНΝKКЯ Нέέέέέέέńίγ-121 Katarzyna MAKSYMIUK (Siedlce University, Poland) TСОΝpШХТМТОЬΝШПΝБЮЬЫōΝIΝχЧōš ЫЯ Ч (531-579) towards the Christians in Iran..............123-134 Shah Nadeem AHMAD (United Kingdom) χΝЧОаΝSКЬКЧТКЧΝСОХЦОЭΝТЧΝЭСОΝεЮЬООΝН’χЫЭΝωХКЬЬТqЮОΝНОΝεШЮРТЧЬ.............................135-156 Adam Lech KUBIK (Siedlce University, Poland), Shah Nadeem AHMAD (United Kingdom) Bronze mace with three rams' heads from Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford.....................................................................................................157-174 Mamuka TSURTSUMIA (Tbilisi State University, Georgia) Medieval Georgian Poliorcetica....................................................................................175-204 Leonid BOBROV (Novosibirsk State University, Russia) IЫКЧТКЧΝ„ФЮХК-СЮН”ΝСОХЦОЭЬΝТЧΝЭСОΝpКЧШpХвΝШПΝTЮЫФТМΝЧШЦКНЬΝШПΝωОntral Asia in 17-19th centuries........................................................................................................................205-219 Adam KORDYS (Siedlce University, Poland) σКЭТШЧКХΝύШШНΝźКЫЭСΝШПΝАТЬгЧТяаΝКЧНΝЭСОТЫΝЦКЧКРОЫЬέέέ.............................................221-235 JКnusг AdКm FRYKOАSKI (JКnusг Peter,MŹ TomКsгяа ReРionКl AssoМiКtion, Poland) The following work depicts the running of the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary Uniate PКЫТЬСΝТЧΝŁШЬТЧТОМΝЬТЧМОΝТЭЬΝПШЫЦКЭТШЧΝЮЧЭТХΝТЭЬΝХТqЮТНКЭТШЧΝТЧΝЭСОΝńκιηέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέβγ7-266 Adam WIELOMSKI (Siedlce University, Poland) The French clergy on the theological and on the political during the pontificate of Pius IX (1846-1878)...................................................................................................................267-303 ŹКnutК SOАI SKA (PolКnd) Warsaw and Lublin as the main centers of civil justice in the Polish Kingdom in 1915....................................................................................305-336 RenКtК OPŁAKANSKA (KСКkКssiК StКte Universitв, RussiК) Carrying out the repatriation of Polish prisoners of war in the Minusinsk`s County of the Yeniseijsk`s province in 1921......................................................................................337-344 RКdosłКа BANCźRZ (Siedlce University, Poland) Observations and notes done on preliminary base of analysis of 23 records gathered The Central Archives of Modern Records in Warsaw The State Treasury Solicitors Office 19191939 in light of utilization for research of history province Lubelskie........................345-355 Mykola GENYK (Carpathian National University, Ukraina) «ψОКЭТΝpКМТПТМТμΝqЮШЧТКЦΝПТХТТΝŹОТΝЯШМКЛЮЧЭЮЫ»μ Religious factor in Polish-Ukrainian reconciliation.................................................................................................................357-370 REVIEWS AND POLEMICS Marek WAGNER (Siedlce University, Poland) SłКаШЦТЫΝχЮРЮЬТОаТМг,ΝPЫгОЛЮНШаКΝаШУЬФКΝpЫЮЬФТОРШΝаΝХКЭКМСΝńθηη-ńθθίέΝUΝ ЫяНОłΝ аМгОЬЧШЧШаШ вЭЧОУΝКЫЦТТ,Ντ аТ МТЦΝβίńζ,ΝЬЬέΝζίκέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέ.............................373-379 JягeП PIŁATOАICZ (Siedlce University, Poland) SłКаШЦТЫΝKТЧНгТЮФ,ΝKЮХЭЮЫКΝПТгвМгЧКΝаΝSТОНХМКМСέΝSpШЫЭ-rekreacja-turystyka-wychowanie fizyczne, Siedlce 2014, ss. 474.....................................................................................381-385 SerРiusг LźO CZYK (Siedlce University, Poland) АłКНТЦТЫΝ КЫКаТЧ,ΝώОХОЧКΝωгЮНТЧШаЬФТМС,Ν„ψвМТОΝPШХКФТОЦΝ- έέέΝЭШΝХШЬ”έΝKКЭКХШРΝ ЛТШРЫКПТМгЧвΝPШХКФяаΝТΝШЛваКЭОХТΝpШХЬФТМС,ΝpШЬгФШНШаКЧвМСΝаΝХКЭКМСΝЫОpЫОЬУТΝ stalinowskich w obwodzie kirowskim, Kirow 2013, ss. 358........................................387-393 Tomasz KOWALCZYK (Siedlce University, Poland) JКЧЮЬгΝKЮХТРШаЬФТ,Ν вМТОΝpШХТЭвМгЧО,ΝЬpШłОМгЧШ-gospodarcze i kulturalne powiatu ЦТ ЬФШЦКгШаТОМФТОРШΝаΝХКЭКМСΝńλńκ-ńλγλ,ΝεТ ЬФΝεКгШаiecki 2013 ss. 456...........395-404 Janusz KULIGOWSKI (Archive of the President of the Republic of Poland, Poland) IЧΝЫОЬpШЧЬОΝЭШΝPЫШПОЬЬШЫΝJягОПΝPТłКЭШаТМгέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέ405-408 JягeП PIŁATOАICZ (Siedlce University, Poland) RОpХвΝЭШΝ„IЧΝЫОЬpШЧЬОΝЭШΝPЫШПОЬЬШЫΝJягОПΝPТłКЭШаТМг”έέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέ409-414 SOURCES АojМieМС АŁOŹARKIźАICZ (Siedlce University, Poland) TСОΝЫОpШЫЭΝШПΝЭСОΝVШХСвЧТКΝЯШТЯШНЬСТpΝРШЯОЫЧШЫΝКЛШЮЭΝЯШТЯШНОЬСТp’ЬΝЬОМЮЫТЭвΝЭСО day before Polish campaign of 1939...............................................................................................417-436 MESSAGES Kumar ABHIJEET (Magadh University, India) δШШФТЧРΝКЭΝύКЧНС ЫКέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέ.........................................................439-447 Sara PROKOPIAK (Poland) A Journey against the Will............................................................................................449-473 Damian SIEBIESZUK (Siedlce University, Poland) Report of The Conference of PhD and students of the Institute of History and International Relations UPH...............................................................................................................4 75-486 Klaudia SIESTRZEWITOWSKA (Poland) Testament of massacre orphans....................................................................................487-491 Agnieszka MIODUSKA (Archives of the Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland) Assosiate Professor Jerzy Prochorow (1938-2006) – the resident of Siedlce..............493-498 SPISΝTRź ωI χRTВKUŁВ Ahmad SARKHOSH (Tarbiat Modares University, Iran), Samer NAZARI (Esfahan University of Art, Iran), Marzieh SHA'RBAF (Esfahan University of Art, Iran) ‫معرفی س گنگار های نویافته با نقوش حیوانی در بررسی باستانش اختی م طقهی فارس‬ 15-30............................................................................................................ )‫ج وبی (دشت بیرم‬ Andrei NEGIN (Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Russia) Roman helmets with a browband shaped as a vertical fronton.........................................31-46 Ehsan SHAVAREBI (University of Tehran, Iran) RШЦКЧΝ‘SШХНКЭОЧФКТЬОЫ’ΝШЧΝЭСОΝTЫТЮЦpСКХΝRШМФΝRОХТОПЬΝШПΝSС pūЫΝIΝχΝRОКЬЬОЬЬЦОЧЭέέέζ7-63 Vladimir DMITRIEV (Pskov State University, Russia) TСОΝ“σТРСЭΝψКЭЭХО”Νof Singara: Whose Victory?...............................................................65-70 IlkkК SYVиNNź (Universitв of Tampere, Finland) TСОΝRОТРЧΝШПΝψКСЫ Ц V ύōЫμ The Revitalization of the Empire through Mounted Archery.........................................71-102 Michael Richard JACKSON BONNER (Canada) SТбΝPЫШЛХчЦОЬΝН’ТЧЭОЫpЫцЭКЭТШЧΝНКЧЬΝХОЬΝЫчРЧОЬΝНОΝPēЫōг,ΝψКХ š,ΝJ Ц ЬpΝОЭΝKКЯ Нέέέέέέńί3-121 Katarzyna MAKSYMIUK (Siedlce University, Poland) ŹТОΝPШХТЭТФΝЯШЧΝБЮЬЫōΝIέΝχЧōš ЫЯ ЧΝ(ηγń-ηιλ)ΝРОРОЧüber Christen in dem Iran..........123-134 Shah Nadeem AHMAD (United Kingdom) χΝЧОаΝSКЬКЧТКЧΝСОХЦОЭΝТЧΝЭСОΝεЮЬООΝН’χЫЭΝωХКЬЬТqЮОΝНОΝεШЮРТЧЬ.............................135-156 Adam Lech KUBIK (Siedlce University, Poland), Shah Nadeem AHMAD (United Kingdom) Bronze mace with three rams' heads from Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford.....................................................................................................15 7-174 Mamuka TSURTSUMIA (Tbilisi State University, Georgia) Medieval Georgian Poliorcetica ...................................................................................175-204 Leonid BOBROV (Novosibirsk State University, Russia) Ν Ν« »Ν Ν Ν Ν Ν Ν Ν Ν ΝXVII–XIX έέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέ.............................205-219 Adam KORDYS (Siedlce University, Poland) ŹШЛЫКΝГТОЦЬФТОΝσКЫШНШаОΝАТЬгЧТяаΝТΝТМСΝгКЫг НМвΝέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέβ21-235 JКnusг AdКm FRYKOАSKI (JКnusг Peter,MŹ TomКsгяа ReРionКl AssoМiКtion, Poland) ŹгТОУОΝpКЫКПТТΝЮЧТМФТОУΝpаέΝ аέΝεТМСКłКΝаΝŁШЬТ МЮΝНШΝńκιηΝЫШФЮέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέβγ7-266 Adam WIELOMSKI (Siedlce University, Poland) Idee teologiczno-pШХТЭвМгЧОΝПЫКЧМЮЬФТОРШΝНЮМСШаТО ЬЭаКΝЮХЭЫКЦШЧЭК ЬФТОРШΝаΝМгКЬТОΝ pontyfikatu Piusa IX (1846-1878)................................................................................267-303 ŹКnutК SOАI SKA (Poland) АКЫЬгКаКΝТΝδЮЛХТЧΝУКФШΝРłяаЧОΝШ ЫШНФТΝШЛваКЭОХЬФТОРШΝавЦТКЫЮΝЬpЫКаТОНХТаШ МТΝаΝ KЫяХОЬЭаТОΝPШХЬФТЦΝаΝńλńηΝЫέΝ .....................................................................................305-336 Renata OPŁAKANSKA (Khakassia State University, Russia) Ν Ν Ν Ν Ν Ν Ν Ν Ν ΝńλβńΝ έΝ .....................................................................................................337-344 RКdosłКа BANCźRZ (Siedlce University, Poland) SpШЬЭЫгО ОЧТКΝТΝЮаКРТΝΝpШМгвЧТШЧОΝЧКΝpШНЬЭКаТОΝаЬЭ pЧОУΝКЧКХТгвΝгОЬpШłЮΝ,,PЫШФЮЫКЭШЫТКΝ ύОЧОЫКХЧКΝRPΝаΝАКЫЬгКаТО’’ΝгΝХКЭΝńλńλ-1939 przechowywanego w Archiwum Akt Nowych w Warszawie. PЫгвФłКНвΝавФШЫгвЬЭКЧТКΝНШΝЛКНКЧТКΝНгТОУяаΝаШУОаяНгЭаКΝХubelskiego...................345-355 Mykola GENYK (Carpathian National University, Ukraina) ψОКЭТΝpКМТПТМТμΝqЮШЧТКЦΝПТХТТΝŹОТΝЯШМКЛЮЧЭЮЫ»μΝ ..................................................................................................................357-370 RECENZJE I POLEMIKI Marek WAGNER (Siedlce University, Poland) SłКаШЦТЫΝχЮРЮЬТОаТМг,ΝPЫгОЛЮНШаКΝаШУЬФКΝpЫЮЬФТОРШΝаΝХКЭКМСΝńθηη-ńθθίέΝUΝ ЫяНОłΝ аМгОЬЧШЧШаШ вЭЧОУΝКЫЦТТ,Ντ аТ МТЦΝβίńζ,ΝЬЬέΝζίκέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέ................................373-379 JягeП PIŁATOАICZ (Siedlce University, Poland) SłКаШЦТЫΝKТЧНгТЮФ,ΝKЮХЭЮЫКΝПТгвМгЧКΝаΝSТОНХМКМСέΝSpШЫЭ-rekreacja-turystyka-wychowanie fizyczne, Siedlce 2014, ss. 474.....................................................................................381-385 SerРiusг LźO CZYK (Siedlce University, Poland) АłКНТЦТЫΝ КЫКаТЧ,ΝώОХОЧКΝωгЮНТЧШаЬФТМС,Ν„ψвМТОΝPШХКФТОЦΝ- έέέΝЭШΝХШЬ”έΝKКЭКХШРΝ ЛТШРЫКПТМгЧвΝPШХКФяаΝТΝШЛваКЭОХТΝpШХЬФТМС,ΝpШЬгФШНШаКЧвМСΝаΝХКЭКМСΝЫОpЫОЬУТΝ stalinowskich w obwodzie kirowskim, Kirow 2013, ss. 358........................................387-393 Tomasz KOWALCZYK (Siedlce University, Poland) JКЧЮЬгΝKЮХТРШаЬФТ,Ν вМТОΝpШХТЭвМгЧО,ΝЬpШłОМгЧШ-gospodarcze i kulturalne powiatu ЦТ ЬФШЦКгШаТОМФТОРШΝаΝХКЭКМСΝńλńκ-19γλ,ΝεТ ЬФΝεКгШаiecki 2013 ss. 456...........395-404 Janusz KULIGOWSKI (Archive of the President of the Republic of Poland, Poland) АΝШНpШаТОНгТΝpЫШПέΝJягОПШаТΝPТłКЭШаТМгШаТέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέ.............................405-408 JягeП PIŁATOWICZ (Siedlce University, Poland) τНpШаТОН ΝЧКΝ„АΝШНpШаТОНгТΝpЫШПέΝJягОПШаТΝPТłКЭШаТМгШаТ”έέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέ409-414 RÓŹŁχ АojМieМС АŁOŹARKIźАICZ (Siedlce University, Poland) SpЫКаШгНКЧТОΝаШУОаШНвΝаШłв ЬФТОРШΝШΝЬЭКЧТОΝЛОгpТОМгО ЬЭаКΝаШУОаяНгЭаКΝаΝpЫгОНОНЧТЮΝ kampanii polskiej 1939 roku.........................................................................................417-436 KOMUNIKATY Kumar ABHIJEET (Magadh University, India) δШШФТЧРΝКЭΝύКЧНС ЫКέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέ....................................................................439-447 Sara PROKOPIAK (Poland) PШНЫя ΝЦТЦШΝаШХТέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέζ 49-473 Damian SIEBIESZUK (Siedlce University, Poland) KШЧПОЫОЧМУКΝЧКЮФШаКΝНШФЭШЫКЧЭяаΝТΝЬЭЮНОЧЭяаΝIЧЬЭвЭЮЭЮΝώТЬЭШЫТТΝТΝSЭШЬЮЧФяаΝ εТ НгвЧКЫШНШавМСΝUPώέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέζ75-486 Klaudia SIESTRZEWITOWSKA (Poland) TeЬЭКЦОЧЭΝФКЭв ЬФТОУΝЬТОЫШЭвέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέέ.............................487-491 Agnieszka MIODUSKA (Archives of the Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland) Prof. dr hab. Jerzy Prochorow (1938-2006) siedlczanin z urodzenia...........................493-498 ώISTτRIχΝIΝ АIχT,ΝЧЫΝζΝ(βίńη) ISSN 2299-2464 Andrei NEGIN  (Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Russia) Roman helmets with a browband shaped as a vertical fronton1 Keywords: history, Roman army, art, helmet, antique TСОΝаШЫНΝ“ПЫШЧЭШЧ”ΝТЬΝpЫТЦКЫТХвΝКЧΝКЫМСТЭОМЭЮЫКХΝЭОЫЦΝreferring to the completion of a facade of a building, a portico, or a colonnade (usually triangular, sometimes semicircular), restricted to the two roof slopes on the sides and to a cornice at the bottom. This French term comes from the Latin аШЫНЬΝ ‘ПЫШЧЬ,Ν ПЫШЧЭТЬ’, meaning ‘forehead’. As is well known, narrow sides of ancient temples (the front and the rear) always ended at the top with a low fronton of triangular field or tympanum that were adorned with sculpted friezes and figures. The triangular shape of a browband plate of Roman helmets (especially in the I st century AD) resembles an architectural fronton. What is more, as in the case of temple frontons the vertical browbands of helmets from the period are also sometimes embellished with intricate decorations. This part of the helmet is reПОЫЫОНΝ ЭШΝ КЬΝ ‘SЭТЫЧЛКЧН’Ν ШЫΝ ‘Stirndiadem’2 in the German literature while in źЧРХТЬСΝЬЭЮНТОЬΝЮЬОЬΝЭСОΝЭОЫЦΝ‘ЛЫШа-pХКЭО’Ν ШЫΝ‘ПШЫОСОКН-pХКЭО’.3 On the heads of Roman soldiers, and in particular as part of the Praetorian equipment, for a long time Hollywood actors have worn the so-called "Attic" helmets of various modifications. Costume design in these films have been based mainly on the accurate reproduction of the Roman reliefs. However, there are absolutely no similar specimens known to archaeology. Consequently a question arises as to what kind of helmets were depicted on these reliefs, and if these illustrations accurately copied the then existing helmets or were merely a reflection of Hellenistic artistic traditions? Both iconographic sources and preserved show that helmets from Hellenistic period had frontal parts decorated as a fronton ending with volutes at the temples. 4 They constituted variation of the Attic helmet, quite popular in Greek art.5 This type of helmet is  Institute of International relations and World history, Department of Ancient History and Classical Languages; aenegin@mail.ru Ν Ν Ν( Ν ΝβιΝ Νβίńγ έΝ№Νίβέ έζλέβńέίίίγΝ Ν Ν Ν ). 2 BRAAT (1961); FISCHER (2012) 155, 208. 3 ROBINSON (1975) 133, 138 - 139; BISHOP, COULSTON (2006) 176; TRAVIS (2014) 97. 4 WAURICK (1983) 266 - 269, Taf. 38 - 39. 5 WAURICK (1983) 265 - 266. 1 31 | P a g e Ν characterized by a hemispherical bowl reinforced in the frontal arc of the forehead, and, in most cases, also by a vertically curved neck-guard. Sometimes this type of helmet was also provided with cheek-pieces and ridge-plumes of different shapes. Since the end of Vth century BC volutes above the ears were added to the frontal arc. However, there is a gap of about three centuries between the "pseudo-Attic" Hellenistic helmet and the Roman model. For this period of time, there is no archaeological Fig. 1. 1 – Ares from Villa Torlonia, Rome; 2 – Dolanus tombstone, Wiesbaden museum; 3 – the soМКХХОНΝ“ώОКНΝШПΝεКЫЬ”,ΝTСОΝχЫЭΝIЧЬТЭЮЭОΝωСТМКРШνΝζΝ– tombstone of Rufus Sita, Gloucester; 5 – tombstone of C. Romanius Capito, Mainz; 6 – relief from Saintes; 7 – the so-МКХХОНΝ“PЫКОЭШЫТКЧΝЫОХТОП”Ν ТЧΝЭСОΝδШЮЯЫОΝεЮЬОЮЦΝ(КЮЭСШЫ’ЬΝНЫКаТЧР)έ evidence of such helmets being widespread in the Roman army. As for the iconographic sources, there are only few of them from the late Republican period and they show mainly Greek heroes. 32 | P a g e Reliefs of the frieze of the Basilica Aemilia in Rome 6 illustrating stories about the origins of Rome, which presumably date from the Ist century BC, show soldiers wearing muscle cuirasses and Attic helmets very similar to the version of Melos (by typology of G. Waurick).7 The style of these images demonstrates that the authors of these compositions were influenced by so-МКХХОНΝ“ЧОШ-Attic style”,Ν ЬШΝ the impact of the old Greek samples of works of art is, of course, reflected in the artistic features of the monument. Many iconographic sources depicting helmets have survived from the ‘Imperial period’ (fig. 1). The most important and informative ones include: triumphal arch in Orange,8 Trajan's Column,9 the Column of Marcus Aurelius,10 friezes from Arch of Trajan11 and from Adamklissi Tropaeum Traiani12 as well as the tombstones of various cavalrymen. All of them represent exceptional diversity of helmet types. It is, therefore, logical to wonder whether iconographic sources are reliable. In particular, the following questions come to the fore: Did all the images we have reflect actual helmets? If not, which ones most closely imitated the real samples of that time? In order to investigate this issue in more depth, we need to take in to consideration the function of a given monument, a degree of the professionalism of an artist and his goals, and a requirements of a customer commissioning a given piece of art. Moreover, it is useful to scrutinize the quality of the material used by sculptor, as it may be crucial to the question of whether it was technically possible to show fine detail. Although, in some cases it is very difficult to find answers to these questions, generally they help to build a conceptual model of interpretation of iconographic armament. Roman propaganda monuments are known best of all forms of art of that period. Their relatively wide familiarity may, at least partially, be attributed to their frequent appearance in Hollywood blockbusters. Despite numerous doubts expressed by modern researchers, they continue to be valuable sources in many aspects as those monuments, mostly located in the capital, show how military weapons were perceived by its inhabitants, and especially by the sculptors who worked on these monuments. Evidently, these artists considered primarily the weapons of the metropolitan garrisons, as well as the depictions of armor on Greek and Hellenistic monuments, from which they were learning their craft. Apparently, they found it important to display the structural type of helmet, for example, the so-called Attic one,Ν pХКЧЭОНΝ ТЧΝ КΝ МШЦЦШЧΝ pОЫЬШЧ’ЬΝ ЦТЧНνΝ КЬΝ КΝ RШЦКЧΝ ЬКаΝ ТЭΝ КЬΝ ЛОТЧРΝ removed from the multidirectional and quick change of improvements and deteriorations, consecrated by tradition and relating to a different, deep and slow-changing sphere of existence. 6 WAURICK (1983) 286, Taf. 47. WAURICK (1983) 268, Taf. 38, 1 - 3, 9. 8 χεВ,ΝŹUVχδ,ΝότRεIύл,ΝώχTTΝ(ńλθβ)έ 9 LEHMANN-HARTLEBEN (1926). 10 BECKMANN (2011); COARELLI (2008). 11 L'ORANGE, VON GERKAN (1939). 12 FLORESCU (1961). 7 33 | P a g e Many Roman sculptures bore the traces of propaganda, whether they appeared on a triumphal arch in honor of an imperial victory or tombstone of a warrior. Their main function was to praise the deserved status and achievements of the depicted individual, and a more general, message directed to the public was glorification of the imperial policy. From the left: Fig. 2. ώОХЦОЭΝ ПШЮЧНΝ КЭΝ PШЧЭОΝ SТЬЭШΝ ТЧΝ RШЦОΝ (КПЭОЫΝ ŹźώσΝ (ńλńń)Ν βηβ,Ν КЮЭСШЫ’ЬΝ drawing), Fig. 3. Helmets from Herculaneum (after ROBINSON (1975) Pl. 150 - ńηń,Ν КЮЭСШЫ’ЬΝ drawing). Sculptors created a collective image of the Roman soldier, often sacrificing personal details. In addition, many of the capital's artists were not familiar with the real military equipment, and less skilled provincial artists who were better acquainted with military fashion, sometimes created more realistic images. However, the capital monuments should not be completely ignored, because they are likely to ЬСШаΝЬШХНТОЫ’ЬΝОqЮТpЦОЧЭΝКЭΝЭСОΝРКЫЫТЬШЧΝШПΝ Rome, including the praetorian cohort. Apart from these monuments some other reliefs which are interpreted as depicting Praetorians and their armament can be seen on the ПЫКРЦОЧЭЬΝШПΝЭСОΝ“ύЫОКЭΝTЫКУКЧТМΝόЫТОгО”13 in Rome and on the so-МКХХОНΝ“PЫКОЭШЫТКЧΝЫОХТОП”Ν in the Louvre Museum14 (fig. 1, 7). All the soldiers depicted on them have ornate Attic helmets with crests and plumes which are not similar to common army pieces. However, there have been found some remnants of СОХЦОЭЬΝШПΝЭСТЬΝ“χЭЭТМ”ΝЬСКpО, which may suggest that they existed not only on graphical representations, but also in reality. Some British researchers completely exclude purely artistic prototype of the “χЭЭТМ”Ν СОХЦОЭΝ КЧНΝ МКХХОНΝ ЭСОΝ ΟχЭЭТМΟΝ КХЬШΝ ωСКХМТНian helmet if they do not have nasal guard.15 Judging by the lack of finds, after IVth century BC in Italy, helmets were not placed in a graveέΝ ώШаОЯОЫ,Ν ЭСТЬΝ НШОЬΝ ЧШЭΝ ЦОКЧΝ ЭСКЭΝ ЭСОΝ ЭЫКНТЭТШЧΝ ШПΝ ЦКФТЧРΝ “χЭЭТМ”Ν СОХЦОЭs was interrupted. Iconographic sources show that Roman artists of the Imperial period depicted its lower Italic and Hellenistic variants. In the late republican era and during the reign of Octavian Augustus there appeared helmet images of Hellenistic mixed types with a wide brim, fronton and volutes on the sides of the hemispherical or sphero-conical bowl. The wide brims of these helmets are reminiscent of the samples of the Macedonian cavalry. 13 LEANDER TOUATI (1987). RANKOV (1994) 20; KOEPPEL (1990) 107; GIROIRE (2007) 177, cat. 115. 15 CONNOLLY (1998) 61 - 63. 14 34 | P a g e Roman cavalrymen on the altar of Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus 16 wear similar helmets, which is consistent with the information of Polybius, who asserted that the Roman cavalry of his time was equipped in Greek style (Polyb. VI. 25). This altar dates from the second half of the Ist century BC, and hence reflects a continuation of this tradition of helmets at a later time. In the first decades AD "Attic" helmets appeared in various scenes depicted on the so-called "Gemma Augustea".17 Some of these Hellenistic helmets of "Attic" style, were From the left: Fig. 4. ώОХЦОЭΝ ПЫШЦΝ σШЫЭСаТМСΝ (КЮЭСШЫ’ЬΝ НЫКаТЧР),Ν Fig. 5. Helmet from Hallaton (КЮЭСШЫ’ЬΝНЫКаТЧР),ΝFig. 6. ώОХЦОЭΝПЫШЦΝЭСОΝАККХΝКЭΝσТУЦОРОЧΝ(КЮЭСШЫ’ЬΝНЫКаТЧР)έ obviously copied from Greek art, for example, a helmet with three crests belonging to goddess Athena (Roma), which tramples the armor of a defeated enemy. G. Waurick points to similarity between the helmets depicted on the "Gemma Augustea" and the known samples ШПΝКЧΝ“χЭЭТМ”ΝСОХЦОЭ,ΝОЬpОМТКХХвΝСОХЦОЭЬΝШПΝεОХШЬΝЭвpО,ΝаСТМСΝСКЯОΝЯШХЮЭОЬΝШЧΝЭСОΝ sides, an arched neck-guard and a crest on the bowl.18 From the left: Fig. 7. ώОХЦОЭΝ ПЫШЦΝσТУЦОРОЧΝ(КЮЭСШЫ’ЬΝНЫКаТЧР),Ν Fig. 8. Helmet from Brza Palanka (КЮЭСШЫ’ЬΝНЫКаТЧР)έ 16 WAURICK (1983) Taf. 51. WAURICK (1983) 266 - 271, Taf. 37. 18 WAURICK (1983) 268. 17 35 | P a g e However, it is not just echoes of conservative iconographic tradition, since in addition to images ШПΝ “χЭЭТМ”Ν СОХЦОЭЬ, there are also similar specimens which have been excavated and are known to us. One of them is a bronze helmet with volutes and floral ornaments found19 (fig. 2) at the Ponte Sisto in Rome. This piece is similar to the helmet found in Pergamum (Bergamo, Turkey) (von Lipperheide collection)20 and to the helmet from the burial which was Fig. 9. Frontons (browbands) from Roman helmets: 1 – Amerongen; 2 – Nijmegen; 3 – from the Waal at Nijmegen; 4 – Pamuk mogila at Brestovets near Plovdiv (before restoration); 5 – former Axel Guttmann collection (AG 809); 6 – δОТНЬМСОΝRТУЧΝ(КЮЭСШЫ’ЬΝНЫКаТЧР)έ 19 20 DEHN (1911) 252. SCώRнŹźRΝ(ńλńβ)Νγβι,ΝγζνΝψОТХέΝńβ,Νζ. 36 | P a g e destroyed during the construction of the Vladikavkaz fortress (State Hermitage). 21 Unlike the find in Rome, the latter pieces are not decorated and, apparently, are older dating back to the Hellenistic era. Unfortunately, it does not seem possible to date this interesting piece reliably. However, should it indeed date back to the ancient period, then it proves clearly that the imitation of the Attic helmet existed in Rome of the Imperial period. From the upper left: Fig. 10. Helmet from Pamuk mogila at Brestovets near Plovdiv (after restoration) (КЮЭСШЫ’ЬΝ НЫКаТЧР),Ν Fig. 11. ώОХЦОЭΝ ПЫШЦΝ pЫТЯКЭОΝ ОЮЫШpОКЧΝ МШХХОМЭТШЧΝ (КЮЭСШЫ’ЬΝ НЫКаТЧР),Ν Fig. 12. ώОХЦОЭΝ ПЫШЦΝ ПШЫЦОЫΝ χбОХΝ ύЮЭЭЦКЧЧΝ МШХХОМЭТШЧΝ (χύΝ ζθń)Ν (КЮЭСШЫ’ЬΝ НЫКаТЧР),Ν Fig. 13. Helmet from ψЮЭгЛКМСΝ(КЮЭСШЫ’ЬΝНЫКаТЧР)έ Also to this group can be attributed two earlier helmets from Herculaneum dated by the first half of Ist century BC (fig. 3), which H. R Robinson catalogues as the imperial-Italic 21 RABINOVICH (1941) Tabl. XXIII. 37 | P a g e type (in his classification: Imperial-Italic A).22 However, with their small neck-guards and the absence of forehead peaks, these specimens differ from other helmets of this type (according to the above classification). At the same time, as on the helmets of the Attic type, their frontal part is decorated with a roll forming a sharp top in the middle of the forehead and with volutes. As a result, both specimens are closer to the Attic type, thought because of their unusual decoration, it is doubtful whether both helmets are authentic, and H. R. Robinson even МШЧЬТНОЫЬΝЭСОΝpШЬЬТЛТХТЭвΝШПΝКЧΝКЧЭТqЮОΝНОКХОЫ’ЬΝПШЫРОЫвέ 23 However, it is tempting to construe these samples as a transitional form between ЭСОΝ“χЭЭТМ”ΝСОХЦОЭΝand the later Roman cavalry helmets of I-II centuries AD. On the other hand, these helmets are very different from those depicted on МКЯКХЫвЦОЧ’ЬΝ ПЮЧОЫКЫвΝ ЫОХТОПЬΝ ШПΝ Ist century AD, and later on the "realistic" reliefs of triumphal columns and arches. For instance the soldiers on Trajan's Column wear helmets, which vary in shape, although most of them belong to the Weisenau type. A small part of helmets have small vertical frontons in the form of onlaid strap in the frontal part of the bowl, and some of them also have volutes which are reminiscent of the "Attic" helmet. Such helmets on the images of infantry and cavalry were combined with lorica segmentata and a chain mail.24 Therefore, it is unnecessary to search for direct relation of this helmets type as a specific native troops, and with a certain military rank. There are many images of Attic helmets on Roman monuments going back to the first two centuries AD. TСОвΝ КЫОΝ НОpТМЭОНΝ ШЧΝ TЫКУКЧ’ЬΝ ωШХЮЦЧ,Ν TЫКУКЧ’ЬΝ ЭЫТЮЦpСКХΝ ЫОХТОПΝ (parts of which were subsequently embedded into the Arch of Constantine), and on other monuments. Often such helmets are associated with Praetorians. These are soldiers involved in the funeral ceremony (decursio) on the pedestal relief of Antoninus Pius column and soldiers on the famous so-МКХХОНΝ“PЫКОЭШЫТКЧΝЫОХТОП”ΝПЫШЦΝЭСОΝδШЮЯЫОέ As a rule, all of them are richly decorated with embossed floral ornaments, have a browband with volutes in the temporal region and are equipped with longitudinal crests with plumes. TСОΝЬШХНТОЫЬ’ΝКЫЦКЦОЧЭЬΝЬСШаЧΝШЧΝЭСОΝεКЫМЮЬΝχЮЫОХТЮЬΝМШХЮЦЧΝКЫОΝЬТЦТХКЫΝЭШΝаСКЭΝ is depicted on Trajan's Column. Yet they are some minor differences. One of them is a hemispherical bowl on most of these helmets. In this case, the frontal arc comes back to the nape of the helmet actually girding it. This form of a helmet has no parallels in real finds, so most probably it represents an example of some kind of artistic stylization. This version of the "Attic" helmet is shown on the heads of one third of the Roman soldiers on Marcus Aurelius column.25 Similar helmets are also presented on the reliefs of Septimius 22 ROBINSON (1975) 65 - 67, Pl. 150 - 151. WAURICK (1983) 65. 24 WAURICK (1983) 293. 25 WAURICK (1983) 297. 23 38 | P a g e Severus arch.26 "Attic" helmets with volutes and a fronton continued to be depicted in Roman iconographic sources until the IVth century AD. For example, they appear on the Arch of Galerius in Thessaloniki (the beginning of the IVth century AD.) as well on the Arch of Constantine, and even on the reliefs from Theodosius column (end of the IV th century AD).27 However, these monuments depict "Attic" type variants not yet known in any actual findings, such as helmets with a protruding fillet, separating the occipital part of the bowl and neck-guard. Apparently, it was a common type of helmet, but does not yet have an exact analogy among archaeological finds. δКЭОЫ,Ν ЦКЧвΝ ШПΝ ЭСОΝ ПОКЭЮЫОЬΝ ШПΝ ЭСОΝ “χЭЭТМ”Ν СОХЦОЭΝ МКЧΝ ЛОΝ observed on the cavalry helmets of Weiler/Koblenz-Bubenheim type, which are both very close to face-mask helmets. These helmets are differ ПЫШЦΝЭСОΝ“χЭЭТМ”ΝСОХЦОЭΝ(СОЧМОΝЭСОΝЧКЦОΝ“pЬОЮНШ-χЭЭТМ”)Ν because of the presence of the neck-guard and wide cheek-pieces covering the ears. To soften the "non-classical" impression there were realistic ears portrayed on cheek-pieces, which visually reduced the width of the upper part of the helmet. Yet volutes do not appear on any of the known specimens. The emergence of new types of helmets is well illustrКЭОНΝ ЛвΝ МКЯКХЫвЦОЧ’ЬΝ tombstones. Additionally archaeological finds of such helmets have appeared recently. Most of the tombstones clearly demonstrate helmets with small neck-guard and diadem in the form of ornamental strip (fig. 1, 2, 4–6). SШЦОΝШПΝЭСОΝЦШЧЮЦОЧЭЬΝЬСШаΝЛШаХ’ЬΝНОМШЫКЭТШЧΝТЧΝЭСОΝПШЫЦΝШПΝМЮЫХвΝСКТЫ and wide decorated cheek-pieces covering the ears (eg, tombstones of Flavius Bassus, Romanius etc.). The earliest representations of these helmets can be seen on the arch in Orange, which testifies to their existence in the early years of the I st century AD. In 1981 in Luxembourg in Weller, south of Arlon, on the outskirts of a small urban necropolis a tomb was discovered dating back of the first half of the Ist century AD28. A completely preserved helmet was found there, which is known as the type that includes similar specimens such as Northwich29 (fig. 4), Nijmegen,30 Xanten-Wardt,31 Rennes,32 Koblenz-Bubenheim33 helmets. 26 WAURICK (1983), Taf. 60, 3. WAURICK (1983), Taf. 55, 61, 1. 28 FAIRON, MOREAU-εχRлωώχδΝ(ńλκγ)ΝηηńΝ- 564. 29 ROBINSON (1975) 94, Pl. 247 - 249. 30 ENCKEVORT, WILLEMS (1994) 130, Fig. 4. 31 όźUύÈRźΝ(ńλλζ)Νńίηέ 32 όźUύÈRźΝ(ńλλζ)Νńίιέ 33 KLUMBACH (1974) 45, No. 32, Taf. 32. 27 39 | P a g e From the left: Fig. 14. Face-ЦКЬФΝ СОХЦОЭΝ ПЫШЦΝ RШЬСКЯКΝ ŹЫКРКЧКΝ ЛКЫЫШаΝ КЭΝ ωСКЭКХФКΝ (КЮЭСШЫ’ЬΝ drawing), Fig. 15. Helmet from Koblenz-ψЮЛОЧСОТЦΝ (КЮЭСШЫ’ЬΝ НЫКаТЧР),Ν Fig. 16. Helmet from VОМСЭОЧΝ(КПЭОЫΝKχδźźΝ(ńλκλ)ΝόТРέΝńθ,ΝКЮЭСШЫ’ЬΝНЫКаТЧР)έ This specimen has a bowl of iron, which is decorated with rows of relief curls. Iron cheek-pieces depicting ears were plated with bronze. Helmets discovered during gravel-dredging operations in the former Rhine channel near Xanten-Wardt (Germany) 34 give some information about the production of these samples. They were first, mounted from the bowl of iron, which was then plated with a richly decorated silver sheet. One of these helmets has retained traces of the textile coating on its surface, which can also be seen on some other recently discovered cavalry helmets. Other helmets found in the pit for ritual offerings near the Roman camp at Nijmegen (Netherlands) have a textile coating in such an excellent condition that it was possible to reconstruct it. It was designed as a knitted hat that covered a wig of hair (horse or human) covering helmet bowl. At the same time on the exemplars found in Nijmegen there were no hammered decorations in the form of curls. This unusual circumstance leads one to believe that perhaps the owners of cheapest unadorned copies followed the fashion by decorating the helmet with real hair. The examples mentioned above were coated with silver, giving the helmets amazing shine and also protecting the iron from rusting. Additional protection against moisture was provided by horsehair wigs with elements of the textile coating that used to be put on the bowls. Hellenistic pieces, as well as iconographic images of Alexander the Great, which were reflected in Roman art, could be the prototypes of such helmets.35 Most probably, a helmet with rendered curly hair became popular in the army as it invoked the image of χХОбКЧНОЫ’ЬΝ СОХЦОЭΝ ОбТЬЭТЧРΝ ТЧΝ ЭСОΝ ТМШЧШРЫКpСвέΝ RШЦКЧΝ РОЧОЫКХЬΝ аОЫОΝ НОpТМЭОНΝ аОКЫТЧРΝ similar helmets. For example, a bust of Germanicus of Erbach (Odenwald) 36 resembles, although in a somewhat modified shape, the image of Alexander appearing on a coin of Seleucus I.37 34 JUNKELMANN (1996) 27, Abb. 42. BRACESSI (1987) 53 - 65; CRESCI MARRONE (1987) 66 - 77. 36 JUNKELMANN (1996) 27, Abb. 43, 48. 37 KоσГδΝ(ńλλλ)Νńηιέ 35 40 | P a g e Helmets with the browband fronton or diadem shown on Roman cavalry tombstones found in recent years correspond to more and more real extant analogies. Due to archaeological findings their evolution during I-III centuries AD can be reconstructed. However, the dates of discovered exemplars are only approximate, and in the absence of precise dating some of the samples cannot be used with confidence to build an evolutionary series of up to decades. Nevertheless, stages in this evolutionary process can be traced with reasonable certainly to within a few decades to centuries. In contrast to the iconographic sources, actual samples of Roman "Attic" and "pseudo-Attic" helmet types have been discovered so far only as expensive and decorated exemplars, which makes it part of the defensive cavalry armament. Based on the available material, there are two variants of a browband fronton they may be distinguished on the existing helmets. Sometimes the frontal part of a helmet was decorated with an embossed relief, imitating a kind of a tiara (diadem). An example of such a helmet comes from Hallaton (fig. 5). It may be called the forerunner of "pseudo-Attic" helmets of Guisborough/Theilenhofen type, which back to the turn of IInd and the first half of the IIIrd century AD. In other cases, this "tiara-fronton" was made of a metal sheet, just riveted to the forehead of the helmet. Such finds with a decorated riveted browband date back to the Ist – early IInd centuries AD and are classified as Weiler-type helmets. The helmets from Nijmegen38 (fig. 6, 7) and Brza Palanka39 (fig. 8) provide a good illustration of this type. A similar helmet is in a private collection. There are also some preserved browbands that were attached to helmets of this kind. Pieces of this type were found in Nijmegen40 (fig. 9, 2–3), Leidsche Rijn41 (fig. 9, 6) and in the Pamuk mogila near Plovdiv 42 (fig. 9, 4; 10). The National Museum of Antiquities (Rijksmuseum van Oudheden) in Leiden has an embossed helmet browband from Amerongen, which bears a bust of an emperor (?) in the centre and two male heads on the sides 43 (fig. 9, 1). This find dates from around the early IInd century AD. The pieces from Butzbach44 (fig. 13) and Hallaton45 (fig. 5) can be considered as a transitional design between early and later helmet modifications with a vertical fronton. σКЫЫШаΝ “НТКНОЦ” plate is also present on the face-mask helmet from Roshava Dragana barrow at Chatalka46 (fig. 14). Plate-frontons imitating a "crown" of the “χЭЭТМ”Ν helmet were most probably attached to the frontal part of the helmets from Northwich 38 KLUMBACH (1974) 46 - 47, Taf. 33, 61 - 62, Taf. 46; ROBINSON (1975) 98, pl. 269 - 271; NEGIN (2010) 48, fig. 32. 39 PźTRτVIĆΝ(ńλλγ)ΝλιΝ- 106; AMATO, SUMNER (2009) 185 - 186, fig. 270. 40 KLUMBACH (1974) 47 - 48, Taf. 34, 51 - 52, Taf. 37; ROBINSON (1975) 98, pl. 269 - 271. 41 LANGEVELD, GRAAFSTAL, SWINKELS, KоNZL (2010) 297 - 304. 42 SENZACIONNO (2013); Unikalni artefakti (2013) 7; (2015). 43 KLUMBACH (1974) 52 - 53, Taf. 37; ROBINSON (1975) 138 - 139, pl. 417 - 420. 44 JUNKELMANN (1992) 190 - 191, Abb. 169. 45 SCORE (2011); SHARP, JAMES (2012) 38 - 41. 46 ψUJUKδIźVΝ(ńλκθ)ΝPХέΝκ,Ν№λńέ 41 | P a g e (fig. 4), Koblenz-Bubenheim (fig. 15) and Vechten47 (fig. 16). The lack of any decoration on their frontal part may indicate the initial presence of the described plate on these specimens of helmets, as this empty space constitutes an ideal place for fastening the fronton plate. Moreover, on the left side of the Koblenz-Bubenheim helmet there remained a riveted fragment of the fronton plate. All surviving plates are richly adorned with relief decorations and are very similar to helmets from iconographic sources, which show similarly ornamented helmets of Praetorians and cavalrymen. Because some items of this type have rich decoration, it may be tempting to consider them parade armorέΝ εέΝ όОЮРчЫОΝ classifies these helmets as a category between combat and ceremonial specimens,48 which makes sense, since they display a variety of features different from both ceremonial and combat helmets. All known helmets of the Weiler type came from Ist century AD, but in the beginning of the IInd century AD these helmets were replaced by the Guisborough type. Maximum distribution of Guisborough/Theilenhofen type correspond to the IIIrd century AD. They are often considered to be parade helmets because of their richly embossed decorations. Recently, however, researchers are inclined to believe that they were ordinary combat helmet. The basic form of the Guisborough/Theilenhofen type of helmet49 is basically very reminiscent of the Weiler/Koblenz-Bubenheim helmets.50 The only difference lies in the fact that in the former the browband diadem was replaced with a vertical fronton with volutes, and the crown was no longer decorated with curly hair but either bore images of figures, such as snakes, or several crests that imitated a plume of feathers. The cheek-pieces covered the ears, but the soldier’ЬΝ ПКМОΝ ЫОЦКТЧОНΝ ШpОЧέ The decorative design of the helmets resembles pseudo-Attic helmets existing at that time. 51 This modification is evidenced by finds from Guisborough52 (fig. 17, 3), Theilenhofen53 (fig. 17, 4), Chalon-sur-SКôЧО54 (fig. 17, 2), Cetate-R гЛШТОЧТ55 (fig. 17, 1). Helmets from Chalon-sur-SКôЧОΝКЧНΝωОЭКЭО-R гЛШТОЧТ have moderate decor. In contrast, the richness of decoration present on the helmet from Theilenhofen implies that it may justifiably be considered a part of ceremonial armor. This specimen has a ridge that make it similar to the Worthing type of helmets (fig. 17, 5–6). 47 KALEE (1989) 211, Fig. 16. όźUύÈRźΝ(ńλλζ)Νńńίέ 49 BORN, JUNKELMANN (1997) 63 - 66. 50 όźUύÈRźΝ(ńλλζ)ΝńńζνΝJUσKźδεχσσΝ(βίίί)ΝκιΝ- 90. 51 JUNKELMANN (2000) 90. 52 ROBINSON (1975) 132 - 134, pls. 391 - 393; GARBSCH (1978) 73, Taf. 31, 1 - 2. 53 KLUMBACH, WAMSER (1976 - 1977) 41 - 61; GARBSCH (1978) 55 - 56, Taf. 10. 54 ŹлωώźδźTTźΝ(ńλńγ)ΝβηγΝ- 258, pls. XLIII–XLIV; ROBINSON (1975) 132 - 134, pls. 394 - 396. 55 ύχRψSωώΝ(ńλικ)Νńίί,ΝχЛЛέΝθνΝόźUύÈRźΝ(ńλλγ)ΝńńβνΝŹ’ΝχεχTτ,ΝSUεσźRΝ(βίίλ)Νńκη,ΝПТРέΝβθκέ 48 42 | P a g e Fig. 17. Helmets of Guisborough/Theilenhofen ant Worthing type: 1 – Cetate-R гЛШТОЧТνΝβΝ– Chalonsur-SКôЧОνΝγΝ– Guisborough; 4 – Theilenhofen; 5 – Worthing; 6 – VОЭЫОЧ,ΝSТХТЬЭЫКΝ(КЮЭСШЫ’ЬΝНЫКаТЧР)έ Recently, there have been found several helmets, or their fragments, that form a class that may be regarded as a transition stage between the Weiler/Koblenz-Bubenheim and the Guisborough/Theilenhofen type. The most complete piece is in Guttmann collection (AG 461)56 (fig. 12). Despite the richness of decorations appearing on these helmets, currently, there are no good reasons to classify them as purely parade ones. However, in contrast to the Weiler type, the Guisborough/Theilenhofen helmets were made solely of bronze and had no iron core. With regard to the protective properties of 56 JUNKELMANN (2000) 15 - 160. 43 | P a g e the material it is undoubtedly a significant step backwards. It is not clear if this was a reflection of the general trend towards making armour mainly for the sake of splendor, or whether it is merely a consequence of the fact that archaeologists have only ceremonial helmets of this type. However, having a less durable material, these helmets to ensure better pЫШЭОМЭТШЧΝ ЛвΝ ТЧМЫОКЬТЧРΝ ЭСОΝ ЬpКМОΝ ЛОЭаООЧΝ ЭСОΝ СОКНΝ КЧНΝ СОХЦОЭ’ЬΝ ЛШаХ,Ν аСТМСΝ ЦКНОΝ ТЭΝ possible to use a thicker lining. The dating of this type of helmet is based on specimens found in Raetian sites ruined by Alamanni in the middle of the III rd century AD. However, εέΝόОЮРчЫОΝЛОХТОЯОЬΝЭСКЭΝЭСОЬОΝСОХЦОЭЬΝКppОКЫОНΝТЧΝЭСОΝЦТННХОΝШПΝI st century AD,57 as some tombstones reliefs depict helmets with more pronounced browband tiara, which can be interpreted as a vertical fronton. Thus, we can assume that during the first three centuries AD two modifications of the Roman imitation of the "Attic" helmet evolved. Helmets with the vertical fronton were more viable. 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Summary Roman propaganda monuments are known best of all and they are still often cited, especially in Hollywood blockbusters. Despite the many doubts expressed by modern researchers, they continue to be sources valuable in many aspects as those monuments, mostly located in the capital, show how military weapons were perceived by the inhabitants of the capital, including the sculptors who were working on these monuments. There are many images of so-called Attic helmets on Roman monuments dated back to the first two centuries AD. As a rule, all of them are richly decorated with embossed floral ornament, have a browband with volutes in the temporal region and equipped with longitudinal crests with gorgeous plumes. The question arises, what are the samples were depicted on the Roman reliefs? How accurately this specimen have been reproduced by artists and sculptors, or, perhaps, we see only a reflection of the Hellenistic artistic tradition? There are helmets with a browband shaped as a vertical fronton with volutes existed. Their later modification is presented by finds from Guisborough, Theilenhofen, Chalon-sur-SКôЧОέΝTСОΝpТОМОЬΝШПΝЭСОΝIst century AD – early IInd century AD are Weiler-type helmets with a decorated riveted browband. They are the helmets from Nijmegen, Brza Palanka and from other places. The pieces from Butzbach and Hallaton can be considered as a transitional design between early and later helmet modifications with a vertical fronton. Thus, all of the above finds suggest that Attic helmets with browbands, which are ШПЭОЧΝ НОpТМЭОНΝ ШЧΝ RШЦКЧΝ pЫШpКРКЧНКΝ ЦШЧЮЦОЧЭЬ,Ν КЫОΝ ЧШЭΝ ЭСОΝ ЬМЮХpЭШЫЬ’Ν ТЧЯОЧЭТШЧ,Ν ЛЮЭΝ helmets really common in the Roman imperial army, imitating the models of the earlier period. Keywords: history, Roman army, art, helmet, antique 46 | P a g e